Carnegie [2]

The Fndamentals of Effective Speaking

Chapter I. Aquiring the basic skills

1. Take heart from the experience of others
2. Keep your goal before you
3. Predetermine your mind to success
4. Sieze every opportunity to practice

Chapter II. Developing confidence

1. Get the facts about fear of speaking in public
2. Prepare in the proper way (i. Never memorise a talk word for word ii. Assemble and arrange your ideas before hand iii. Rehearse your talk with your friends)
3. Predetermine your mind to success (i. Lose yourself in your subject ii. Keep your attention of negative stimuli that may upset you iii. give yourself a pep talk)
4. Act confident

Chapter III. Speaking effectively the quick and easy way

1. Speak about something you have earned the right to speak about through experience or study (i. Tell us what life has taught you ii. Look for topics in your background)
2. Be sure you are excited about your subject
3. Be eager to share your talk with your listeners

Speech, Speaker and Audience

Chapter IV. Earning the right to talk

1. Limit your subject
2. Develop reserve power
3. Fill your talk with illustrations and examples (i. Humanise your talk ii. Personalise your talk by using names iii. Be specific - fill your talk with detail iv. Dramatise your talk by using dialogue v. Visualise by demonstrating what you are talking about)
4. Use concrete, familiar words that create pictures

Chapter V. Vitalising the talk

1. Choose subjects you are earnest about
2. Relive the feelings you have about your topic
3. Act in earnest

Chapter VI. Sharing the talk with the audience

1. Talk in terms of your listeners' interests
2. Give honest sincere appreciation
3. Identify yourself with the audience
4. Make your audience a partner in your talk
5. Play yourself down

The Purpose of Prepared and Impromptu Talks

Chapter VII. Making the short talk to get action

1. Give your example an insident from your life (i. Build your example upon a single personal experience ii. Start your talk with a detail of your example iii. Fill your example with relevant detail iv. Relive your experience as you relate it)
2. State your point, what you want the audience to do (i. Make the point brief and specific ii. Make the point easy for listeners to do iii. State the point with force and conviction)
3. Give the Reason or benefit the audience may expect (i. Be sure the reason is relevant to the example ii. Be sure to stress one reason and one only)

Chapter VIII. Making the talk to inform

1. Restrict the subject to fit the time at your disposal
2. Arrange your ideas in sequence
3. Enumerate your points as you make them
4. Compare the strange with the familiar (i. Turn a fact into a picture ii. Avoid technical terms)
5. Use visual aids

Chapter IX. Making the talk to convince

1. Win confidence by deserving it
2. Get a yes response
3. Speak with contagious enthusiasm
4. Show respect and affection for your audience
5. Begin in a friendly way

Chapter X. Making impromptu talks

1. Practice impromptu speaking
2. Be mentally ready to speak impromptu
3. Get into an example immediately
4. Speak with animation and force
5. Use the principle of the here and now
6. Don't talk impromptu - give an impromptu talk

The Art of Communicating

Chapter XI. Delivering the talk

1. Crash through your shell of self confidence
2. Don't try to imitate others - be yourself
3. Converse with your audience
4. Put your heart into your speaking
5. Practice making your voice strong and flexible

The Challenge of Effective Speaking

Chapter XII. Introducing speakers, presenting and accepting awards

1. Thoroughly prepare what you are going to say
2. Follow the T-I-S formula
3. Be enthusiastic
4. Be warmly sincere
5. Thoroughly prepare the talk of presentation
6. Express your sincere feelings in the talk of acceptance

Chapter XIII. Organising the longer talk

1. Get attention immediately (i. Begin your talk with an incident - example ii. Arouse suspense iii. State an arresting fact iv. Ask for a show of hands v. Promise to tell the audience how they can get something they want vi. Use and exhibit)
2. Avoid getting unfavourable attention (i. Do not open with an apology ii. Avoid the 'funny' story opening)
3. Support your main ideas (i. Use statistics, ii. Use the testimony of experts iii. Use analogies iv. Use a demonstration with or without an exhibit)
4. Appeal for action (i. Summarise ii. Ask for action)

Chapter XIV. Applying what you have learned

1. Use specific detail in everyday converstation
2. Use effective speaking techniques in your job
3. Seek opportunities to speak in public
4. You must persist
5. Keep the certainty of reward before you

Carnegie, D 1962, The quick and effective way to effective speaking: modern techniques for dynamic communication, Simon & Schuster